4 - Side ring This is a metal ring with various steel
wires. The casing plies are secured to the side ring.
5 - Belt. This is a non-fl exible circumferential struc-
ture comprising cross-plies at very low angles,
positioned below the tread, to stabilise the casing
in the footprint area.
6 - Centring band. This is a small marking which indica-
tes the circumference of the top part of the bead and
is used as a reference to check exact tyre centring
on the rim after mounting.
7 - Protective band. This is a circumferential marking
in the area of the sidewall which is more exposed
to accidental rubbing.
8 - Sidewall. This is the area between the shoulder
and the centring band. It consists of a more or less
thin layer of rubber, which protects the casing plies
from lateral impact.
9 - Liner Airtight vulcanised compound layer inside
tubeless tyres.
10 - Filling This is a generally triangular rubber profi le,
above the side ring; it provides rigidity for the bead
and gradually offsets the abrupt uneven thickness
caused by the side ring.
11 - Flap. This is the part of the casing ply around the
side ring and placed against the casing, to secure
the ply and prevent it from slipping.
12 - Foot. This is the innermost layer of the tread in
contact with the belt, or if the latter is not present
(conventional tyre) with the last casing ply.
13 - Shoulder The outermost part of the tread, located
between the corner and the beginning of the sidewall.
User manual Aquila Tornado
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