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3 - Casing. This is the resistant structure and comprises
one or more layers of rubber plys. The way the plys
comprising the casing are arranged give the structure
its name. The following structures are possible:
Conventional: the plys are inclined and arranged so
that the strands comprising a ply overlap with those
of the adjacent ply. The tread, which is the part of
the tyre in contact with the ground, is part of the
sidewalls and so during rolling, sidewall lexure is
transmitted to the tread.
Radial: the casing consists of one or more plys with
the cords in a radial direction.
A radial casing in itself is quite unstable. To make
it stable and prevent bad tread movement in the
area of contact with the ground, the casing and the
undertread are reinforced with an annular structure,
usually called belt. The tread and sidewall work with
different, independent rigidities, so during rolling,
sidewall lexure is not transmitted to the tread.
4 - Side ring. This is a metal ring comprising several steel
strands. The casing plys are secured to the side ring.
5 - Belt. This is a non-lexible circumferential structure
comprising cross-plys at very low angles, positioned
below the tread, to stabilise the casing in the foot-
print area.
6 - Centring band. This is a small marking which indicates
the circumference of the top part of the bead and is
used as a reference to check exact tyre centring on
the rim after mounting.
7 - Protective band. This is a circumferential marking in
the area of the sidewall which is more exposed to
accidental rubbing.
8 - Sidewall. This is the area between the shoulder
and the centring band. It consists of a more or less
thin layer of rubber, which protects the casing plys
from lateral impact.
9 - Liner. This is a vulcanised, compound sheet, im-
permeable to air, inside tubeless tyres.
10 - Filling. This is a generally triangular rubber proile,
above the side ring; it provides rigidity for the bead
A9222 HP TI - A9222 TI - A9824 HP LL - A9824 HP User Manual
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