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d) Hovering flight
In order to form the explanation of the steering in a simpler and more standard way, classic terminology is
also used here. This comes from flight language and is widely used:
Direction descriptions are always to be interpreted from the perspective of a "virtual" pilot. in the model. The direction
indicators on the landing leg are deemed to be "in front". The explanations are all based on configuration of the remote
control to mode 2.
"Hovering" denotes a flight status in which the quadrotor helicopter neither rises nor falls so that the upwards directed
uplift force is equal to the downwards directed weight. This is achieved approximately in mid gas setting (but indepen-
dent of a possible payload).
During flight close above the ground and during take-off, turbulence and air flow can be experienced which
may affect the quadrotor helicopter. A quicker response to the controlling motions and slight swerving of
the quadrotor helicopter forwards, backwards or to the side may result from this.
e) Yaw
"Yaw" denotes the rotation of the quadrotor
helicopter around the yaw axis (vertical axis). This
movement either occurs unintentionally due to the
speed torque of the rotors or intentionally as a flight
direction change. For the quadrotor helicopter, this
movement is not controlled by a tail rotor, but
through speed variation of the individual rotors to
each other.
Point (1) shows "ahead".
f) Pitch
"Pitch" denotes the movement around the cross
axis which can be compared to the nodding of a
head. Through this, the quadrotor gains flight speed
forwards or backwards or decelerates.
Point (1) shows "ahead".
Figure 17
Figure 18
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