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Didactic skull on cervical vertebral column
English
This model illustrates the shapes and relationships
of the various bone plates of the skull with the
aid of different didactic colors. The skull can be
re-moved from the cervical column; C1, C2 and C7
have colored markings.
In addition, the rhombencephalon, spinal cord,
spinal nerves of the cervical vertebral column, ver-
tebral arteries, basilar artery and the rear cerebral
arteries are shown.
The skull (cranium)
The skull is made up of:
• Brain box (Neurocranium): forms a protective
capsule for the brain while enclosing the Auris
interna and media (inner and middle ear).
• Facial skeleton (Viscerocranium): forms the nasal
and jaw skeleton with the entries to the respira-
tory and digestive tracts.
• Os frontale (frontal bone)
• Os temporale (temporal bone)
• Os sphenoidale (sphenoid bone)
• Os occipitale (occipital bone)
• Os parietale (parietal bone)
• Os ethmoidale (ethmoid bone)
• Maxilla (upper jaw)
• Os zygomaticum (zygomatic bone)
• Os palatinum (palatine bone)
• Os lacrimale (lacrimal bone)
• Concha nasalis inferior (inferior nasal concha)
• Os nasale (nasal bone)
• Vomer (vomer)
• Mandibula (mandible or lower jaw)
• Os hyoideum (hyoid bone)
• Ossicula auditiva (auditory ossicles), these
include:
• Malleus (hammer)
• Stapes (stirrup)
• Incus (anvil)
The neural cranium and visceral cranium are made
up of individual bones, which are connected to one
another by sutures, synchondroses (cartilaginous
joints) or synostoses (bones). The lower jaw, the
auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone are exceptions
to this.
During the bone development of the fetus, large
gaps are formed in the cranium in those places
where many bones are joined, which are cove-
red by connective tissue (fontanels). This is very
important for infant parturition, since the skull can
adapt itself to the dimensions of the birth canal
by shifting the bones together. The fontanels close
while the skull is growing (between the 3rd month
and the 2nd year). The connective tissue sutures
then lose their elasticity as well and harden to form
synostoses.
The following bony elements of the model are
described individually:
Cranium, ossa
1 Os frontale
2 Os temporale
3 Os sphenoidale
4 Os occipitale
5 Os parietale
6 Os ethmoidale
7 Maxilla
8 Os zygomaticum
9 Os palatinum
10 Os lacrimale
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11 Concha nasalis inferior
12 Os nasale
13 Vomer
14 Mandibula
Vertebrae cervicales (CI-CVII)
15 Vertebra cervicalis I (Atlas)
16 Vertebra cervicalis II (Axis)
17 Vertebra cervicalis III
18 Vertebra cervicalis IV
19 Vertebra cervicalis V
20 Vertevra cervicalis VI
21 Vertebra cervicalis VII (Vertebra prominens)
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